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    체계적인 영문법 학습

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    시제(심화) 현재완료

    방금 도착했어, 3년째 여기 살고 있어, 한 번도 가본 적 없어! 과거의 일이 지금에도 연결될 때 쓰는 현재완료. 한국어에 없는 이 개념, 이제 완전 정복합니다!

    2025년 10월 16일
    약 53분 소요
    New1English
    문법
    중급문법

    ⭐ 현재완료란?

    현재완료(Present Perfect)는 과거의 일이 현재까지 영향을 미치거나 지금까지 계속되는 상태를 표현하는 시제입니다. 한국어에는 없는 개념이라 처음엔 어렵지만, 원리를 알면 매우 자연스럽게 쓸 수 있어요!

    🔹 기본 형태

    주어 + have / has + 과거분사(p.p.)

    ※ 주어가 3인칭 단수(he/she/it)이면 has, 나머지는 have

    현재완료 기본 개념 - have/has + 과거분사

    1️⃣ 긍정문 · 부정문 · 의문문

    ✅ 긍정문: 주어 + have/has + p.p.

    현재완료 긍정문 - Subject + have/has + Past Participle
    • I have finished my homework. (숙제를 다 끝냈어.)
    • She has visited London twice. (그녀는 런던에 두 번 가 봤어.)
    • They have lived here for five years. (그들은 여기서 5년째 살고 있어.)
    • He has just arrived home. (그는 막 집에 도착했어.)
    • We have already eaten dinner. (우리는 이미 저녁을 먹었어.)

    ✏️ 연습문제 — 빈칸에 현재완료형 쓰기

    1. I ________ (see) that movie twice.
    2. She ________ (finish) her project.
    3. They ________ (travel) to Canada two times.
    4. He ________ (read) three books this month.
    5. We ________ (learn) English for five years.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. have seen
    2. has finished
    3. have traveled
    4. has read
    5. have learned

    ❌ 부정문: 주어 + have/has not + p.p.

    현재완료 부정문 - have not / has not
    • I haven't eaten breakfast yet. (나는 아직 아침을 안 먹었어.)
    • She hasn't finished her report. (그녀는 보고서를 아직 다 못 썼어.)
    • They haven't met before. (그들은 전에 만난 적이 없어.)
    • He hasn't called me today. (그는 오늘 나에게 전화하지 않았어.)
    • We haven't started the project yet. (우리는 아직 프로젝트를 시작하지 않았어.)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. I ________ (not / see) that movie yet.
    2. He ________ (not / visit) his parents this week.
    3. They ________ (not / eat) lunch yet.
    4. She ________ (not / finish) her homework.
    5. We ________ (not / hear) from him recently.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. haven't seen
    2. hasn't visited
    3. haven't eaten
    4. hasn't finished
    5. haven't heard

    ❓ 의문문: Have/Has + 주어 + p.p.?

    현재완료 의문문 - Have/Has + 주어 + 과거분사
    • Have you finished your homework? (숙제 다 했어?)
    • Has she ever been to Paris? (그녀가 파리에 가 본 적 있어?)
    • Have they seen my bag? (그들이 내 가방 봤어?)
    • Have you called him today? (오늘 그에게 전화했어?)
    • Has he arrived yet? (그가 벌써 도착했어?)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. ________ you ever ________ (be) to Japan?
    2. ________ she ________ (finish) her project yet?
    3. ________ they ________ (meet) your teacher before?
    4. ________ he ________ (call) you today?
    5. ________ you ________ (see) my notebook anywhere?
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. Have / been
    2. Has / finished
    3. Have / met
    4. Has / called
    5. Have / seen

    2️⃣ 현재완료의 4대 용법

    현재완료 4가지 용법 - 완료/경험/계속/결과

    🌟 (1) 완료 — 지금 막 끝난 일

    핵심 표현: just, already, yet

    완료 용법 - just/already/yet
    • I have just finished my work. (방금 일을 끝냈어.)
    • She has already eaten lunch. (그녀는 이미 점심을 먹었어.)
    • Have you packed yet? — No, I haven't packed yet. (아직 짐 못 쌌어.)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. I ________ (finish) the project already.
    2. He ________ (just / arrive) home.
    3. They ________ (complete) their report.
    4. She ________ (already / eat) breakfast.
    5. We ________ (not / finish) yet.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. have finished
    2. has just arrived
    3. have completed
    4. has already eaten
    5. haven't finished

    🌟 (2) 경험 — ~한 적 있다

    핵심 표현: ever, never, before, once / twice

    경험 용법 - ever/never/before
    • I have been to Japan twice. (일본에 두 번 가 봤어.)
    • She has never tried sushi. (그녀는 초밥을 먹어 본 적이 없어.)
    • Have you ever seen the Northern Lights? (오로라를 본 적 있어?)
    • We have met before. (우리 전에 만난 적 있어.)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. ________ you ever ________ (be) to London?
    2. I ________ (never / eat) Mexican food.
    3. She ________ (visit) Jeju Island twice.
    4. They ________ (see) that show before.
    5. He ________ (not / try) skydiving yet.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. Have / been
    2. have never eaten
    3. has visited
    4. have seen
    5. hasn't tried

    🌟 (3) 계속 — 과거부터 지금까지 계속

    핵심 표현: since (~이래로), for (~동안)

    계속 용법 - since/for
    • I have lived in Busan for 5 years. (부산에서 5년째 살고 있어.)
    • She has known him since 2018. (그녀는 2018년부터 그를 알고 있어.)
    • They have worked here for a long time. (그들은 여기서 오래 일해 왔어.)
    • How long have you studied English? (영어 공부한 지 얼마나 됐어?)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. I ________ (live) in this city since 2010.
    2. She ________ (know) me for ten years.
    3. They ________ (work) here for three months.
    4. He ________ (study) English since childhood.
    5. We ________ (stay) at this hotel for two days.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. have lived
    2. has known
    3. have worked
    4. has studied
    5. have stayed

    🌟 (4) 결과 — 과거 행동의 현재 영향

    지금 결과가 중요할 때 사용 (물건 잃어버림, 장소 이동 등)

    결과 용법 - 과거 동작의 현재 결과
    • I have lost my key. (열쇠를 잃어버렸어. → 지금도 없음)
    • She has broken her leg. (다리가 부러졌어. → 지금도 다침)
    • He has gone to Paris. (파리로 갔어. → 지금 여기 없음)
    • They have sold the house. (집을 팔았어. → 이제 그들 것이 아님)

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. I ________ (lose) my phone.
    2. She ________ (break) her glasses.
    3. He ________ (go) out for lunch.
    4. They ________ (forget) your name.
    5. We ________ (miss) the train.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. have lost
    2. has broken
    3. has gone
    4. have forgotten
    5. have missed

    3️⃣ 완료형으로 잘 안 쓰는 동사 (상태동사)

    동작이 아닌 상태·감정·소유를 나타내는 동사는 현재완료 대신 일반 현재형을 씁니다.

    상태동사 주의사항 - 현재완료보다 현재시제 사용
    구분대표 동사❌ 잘못된 표현✅ 올바른 표현
    감정like, love, hateI have loved pizza.I love pizza.
    인식know, understand, believeI have known him.I know him.
    소유have, own, belongI have owned a car.I own a car.
    감각see, hear, smellI have heard a sound.I hear a sound.

    ✏️ 연습문제 — 현재완료로 쓰기 어색한 문장을 고르세요.

    1. I have liked chocolate since I was young.
    2. She has finished her work already.
    3. I have known him for ten years.
    4. They have owned this shop for two years.
    5. He has believed your story.
    ✅ 정답 보기

    정답: 1, 3, 4, 5번 — 상태 표현이므로 일반 현재형(I like / I know / They own / He believes)이 자연스럽습니다.

    4️⃣ 필수 불규칙 동사 10개

    현재완료에서 자주 쓰이는 불규칙 동사를 완벽히 외워두세요!

    현재완료에 자주 쓰이는 불규칙 동사 변화표
    원형과거형과거분사 (p.p.)의미
    gowentgone가다
    seesawseen보다
    eatateeaten먹다
    taketooktaken가져가다
    writewrotewritten쓰다
    comecamecome오다
    breakbrokebroken깨다
    speakspokespoken말하다
    givegavegiven주다
    choosechosechosen선택하다

    ✏️ 연습문제

    1. She ________ (go) to Paris three times.
    2. I ________ (see) that movie before.
    3. He ________ (take) my umbrella by mistake.
    4. They ________ (speak) English since childhood.
    5. She ________ (break) her glasses again.
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. has gone
    2. have seen
    3. has taken
    4. have spoken
    5. has broken

    5️⃣ 종합 심화 연습문제

    문맥을 보고 현재완료형으로 알맞게 채우세요.

    1. I can't call him. I ________ (lose) my phone again.
    2. How long ________ you ________ (know) Mr. Kim?
    3. He ________ (not / finish) his work yet, so he is still in the office.
    4. She ________ (be) to New York several times, but never in winter.
    5. We ________ (wait) here for over an hour. When will the bus come?
    ✅ 정답 보기
    1. have lost
    2. have / known
    3. hasn't finished
    4. has been
    5. have waited

    📘 핵심 요약

    용법의미핵심 표현예문
    완료이미 끝난 일just, already, yetI have just finished.
    경험~한 적 있다ever, never, beforeHave you ever been to Japan?
    계속과거→현재 지속since, forI have lived here for 5 years.
    결과과거→현재 영향—I have lost my key.
    현재완료 완전 정리 요약표

    이전 강의

    수동태 기본

    다음 강의

    완료 시제의 종류