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체계적인 영문법 학습

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시제(심화) 현재완료

방금 도착했어, 3년째 여기 살고 있어, 한 번도 가본 적 없어! 과거의 일이 지금에도 연결될 때 쓰는 현재완료. 한국어에 없는 이 개념, 이제 완전 정복합니다!

2025년 10월 16일
약 44분 소요
New1English
문법
중급문법




⭐ 현재완료란?


현재완료(Present Perfect)는 과거의 일이 현재까지 영향을 미치거나 지금까지 계속되는 상태를 표현하는 시제입니다. 한국어에는 없는 개념이라 처음엔 어렵지만, 원리를 알면 매우 자연스럽게 쓸 수 있어요!



🔹 기본 형태


주어 + have / has + 과거분사(p.p.)


※ 주어가 3인칭 단수(he/she/it)이면 has, 나머지는 have






1️⃣ 긍정문 · 부정문 · 의문문




✅ 긍정문: 주어 + have/has + p.p.



  • I have finished my homework. (숙제를 다 끝냈어.)

  • She has visited London twice. (그녀는 런던에 두 번 가 봤어.)

  • They have lived here for five years. (그들은 여기서 5년째 살고 있어.)

  • He has just arrived home. (그는 막 집에 도착했어.)

  • We have already eaten dinner. (우리는 이미 저녁을 먹었어.)



✏️ 연습문제 — 빈칸에 현재완료형 쓰기



  1. I ________ (see) that movie twice.

  2. She ________ (finish) her project.

  3. They ________ (travel) to Canada two times.

  4. He ________ (read) three books this month.

  5. We ________ (learn) English for five years.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. have seen
  2. has finished
  3. have traveled
  4. has read
  5. have learned







❌ 부정문: 주어 + have/has not + p.p.



  • I haven't eaten breakfast yet. (나는 아직 아침을 안 먹었어.)

  • She hasn't finished her report. (그녀는 보고서를 아직 다 못 썼어.)

  • They haven't met before. (그들은 전에 만난 적이 없어.)

  • He hasn't called me today. (그는 오늘 나에게 전화하지 않았어.)

  • We haven't started the project yet. (우리는 아직 프로젝트를 시작하지 않았어.)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. I ________ (not / see) that movie yet.

  2. He ________ (not / visit) his parents this week.

  3. They ________ (not / eat) lunch yet.

  4. She ________ (not / finish) her homework.

  5. We ________ (not / hear) from him recently.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. haven't seen
  2. hasn't visited
  3. haven't eaten
  4. hasn't finished
  5. haven't heard







❓ 의문문: Have/Has + 주어 + p.p.?



  • Have you finished your homework? (숙제 다 했어?)

  • Has she ever been to Paris? (그녀가 파리에 가 본 적 있어?)

  • Have they seen my bag? (그들이 내 가방 봤어?)

  • Have you called him today? (오늘 그에게 전화했어?)

  • Has he arrived yet? (그가 벌써 도착했어?)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. ________ you ever ________ (be) to Japan?

  2. ________ she ________ (finish) her project yet?

  3. ________ they ________ (meet) your teacher before?

  4. ________ he ________ (call) you today?

  5. ________ you ________ (see) my notebook anywhere?



✅ 정답 보기

  1. Have / been
  2. Has / finished
  3. Have / met
  4. Has / called
  5. Have / seen








2️⃣ 현재완료의 4대 용법




🌟 (1) 완료 — 지금 막 끝난 일


핵심 표현: just, already, yet



  • I have just finished my work. (방금 일을 끝냈어.)

  • She has already eaten lunch. (그녀는 이미 점심을 먹었어.)

  • Have you packed yet? — No, I haven't packed yet. (아직 짐 못 쌌어.)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. I ________ (finish) the project already.

  2. He ________ (just / arrive) home.

  3. They ________ (complete) their report.

  4. She ________ (already / eat) breakfast.

  5. We ________ (not / finish) yet.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. have finished
  2. has just arrived
  3. have completed
  4. has already eaten
  5. haven't finished







🌟 (2) 경험 — ~한 적 있다


핵심 표현: ever, never, before, once / twice



  • I have been to Japan twice. (일본에 두 번 가 봤어.)

  • She has never tried sushi. (그녀는 초밥을 먹어 본 적이 없어.)

  • Have you ever seen the Northern Lights? (오로라를 본 적 있어?)

  • We have met before. (우리 전에 만난 적 있어.)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. ________ you ever ________ (be) to London?

  2. I ________ (never / eat) Mexican food.

  3. She ________ (visit) Jeju Island twice.

  4. They ________ (see) that show before.

  5. He ________ (not / try) skydiving yet.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. Have / been
  2. have never eaten
  3. has visited
  4. have seen
  5. hasn't tried







🌟 (3) 계속 — 과거부터 지금까지 계속


핵심 표현: since (~이래로), for (~동안)



  • I have lived in Busan for 5 years. (부산에서 5년째 살고 있어.)

  • She has known him since 2018. (그녀는 2018년부터 그를 알고 있어.)

  • They have worked here for a long time. (그들은 여기서 오래 일해 왔어.)

  • How long have you studied English? (영어 공부한 지 얼마나 됐어?)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. I ________ (live) in this city since 2010.

  2. She ________ (know) me for ten years.

  3. They ________ (work) here for three months.

  4. He ________ (study) English since childhood.

  5. We ________ (stay) at this hotel for two days.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. have lived
  2. has known
  3. have worked
  4. has studied
  5. have stayed







🌟 (4) 결과 — 과거 행동의 현재 영향


지금 결과가 중요할 때 사용 (물건 잃어버림, 장소 이동 등)



  • I have lost my key. (열쇠를 잃어버렸어. → 지금도 없음)

  • She has broken her leg. (다리가 부러졌어. → 지금도 다침)

  • He has gone to Paris. (파리로 갔어. → 지금 여기 없음)

  • They have sold the house. (집을 팔았어. → 이제 그들 것이 아님)



✏️ 연습문제



  1. I ________ (lose) my phone.

  2. She ________ (break) her glasses.

  3. He ________ (go) out for lunch.

  4. They ________ (forget) your name.

  5. We ________ (miss) the train.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. have lost
  2. has broken
  3. has gone
  4. have forgotten
  5. have missed








3️⃣ 완료형으로 잘 안 쓰는 동사 (상태동사)


동작이 아닌 상태·감정·소유를 나타내는 동사는 현재완료 대신 일반 현재형을 씁니다.











구분대표 동사❌ 잘못된 표현✅ 올바른 표현
감정like, love, hateI have loved pizza.I love pizza.
인식know, understand, believeI have known him.I know him.
소유have, own, belongI have owned a car.I own a car.
감각see, hear, smellI have heard a sound.I hear a sound.



✏️ 연습문제 — 현재완료로 쓰기 어색한 문장을 고르세요.



  1. I have liked chocolate since I was young.

  2. She has finished her work already.

  3. I have known him for ten years.

  4. They have owned this shop for two years.

  5. He has believed your story.



✅ 정답 보기

정답: 1, 3, 4, 5번 — 상태 표현이므로 일반 현재형(I like / I know / They own / He believes)이 자연스럽습니다.







4️⃣ 필수 불규칙 동사 10개


현재완료에서 자주 쓰이는 불규칙 동사를 완벽히 외워두세요!

















원형과거형과거분사 (p.p.)의미
gowentgone가다
seesawseen보다
eatateeaten먹다
taketooktaken가져가다
writewrotewritten쓰다
comecamecome오다
breakbrokebroken깨다
speakspokespoken말하다
givegavegiven주다
choosechosechosen선택하다



✏️ 연습문제



  1. She ________ (go) to Paris three times.

  2. I ________ (see) that movie before.

  3. He ________ (take) my umbrella by mistake.

  4. They ________ (speak) English since childhood.

  5. She ________ (break) her glasses again.



✅ 정답 보기

  1. has gone
  2. have seen
  3. has taken
  4. have spoken
  5. has broken







5️⃣ 종합 심화 연습문제


문맥을 보고 현재완료형으로 알맞게 채우세요.




  1. I can't call him. I ________ (lose) my phone again.

  2. How long ________ you ________ (know) Mr. Kim?

  3. He ________ (not / finish) his work yet, so he is still in the office.

  4. She ________ (be) to New York several times, but never in winter.

  5. We ________ (wait) here for over an hour. When will the bus come?




✅ 정답 보기

  1. have lost
  2. have / known
  3. hasn't finished
  4. has been
  5. have waited






📘 핵심 요약











용법의미핵심 표현예문
완료이미 끝난 일just, already, yetI have just finished.
경험~한 적 있다ever, never, beforeHave you ever been to Japan?
계속과거→현재 지속since, forI have lived here for 5 years.
결과과거→현재 영향—I have lost my key.