문법특강

체계적인 영문법 학습

7

간접화법

그가 피곤하다고 했어(He said he was tired), 언제 오냐고 물어봤어(She asked when I would come)! 다른 사람의 말을 전달하는 법과 시제 변화 규칙을 완벽 정리합니다.

2026년 2월 27일
약 55분 소요
New1English
중급문법
간접화법


⭐ 핵심 요약



  • • 간접화법이란 다른 사람의 말을 자신의 언어로 재구성하여 전달하는 방식입니다.

  • • 평서문 → say/tell + that절, 의문문 → ask + if/whether 또는 의문사절, 명령문 → tell/ask + to부정사

  • • 전달 동사가 과거이면 시제 backshift(한 단계 과거화)가 일어납니다.

  • • now→then, today→that day, here→there 등 시간·장소 표현도 변화합니다.




1. 직접화법 vs 간접화법


직접화법(Direct Speech)은 화자의 말을 그대로 따옴표(" ")에 넣어 전달하는 방식이고, 간접화법(Indirect Speech/Reported Speech)은 전달자의 시점으로 재구성하여 전달하는 방식입니다.









구분형태예문
직접화법전달동사 + "원래 말"He said, "I am tired."
간접화법전달동사 + that절He said (that) he was tired.




💡 핵심 포인트


간접화법에서 that은 구어체에서 자주 생략됩니다. 전달 동사로는 say, tell, ask, order, advise, warn 등이 있습니다.





예문 5개


직접: She said, "I love this movie." → 간접: She said (that) she loved that movie.

직접: Tom said, "I will call you." → 간접: Tom said (that) he would call me.

직접: She said, "I have finished my work." → 간접: She said (that) she had finished her work.

직접: He said, "I was studying all night." → 간접: He said (that) he had been studying all night.

직접: They said, "We can help you." → 간접: They said (that) they could help me.




✏️ 연습 문제


간접화법으로 바꾸세요.



  1. She said, "I am happy." → She said (that) _______.

  2. He said, "I will go." → He said (that) _______.

  3. They said, "We have arrived." → They said (that) _______.


정답 보기

  1. she was happy.

  2. he would go.

  3. they had arrived.





2. 시제 Backshift 규칙


전달 동사(said, told, asked 등)가 과거형이면, 종속절의 시제도 한 단계 과거로 이동합니다.















직접화법 시제간접화법 시제
현재 (am/is/are, do/does)과거 (was/were, did)
현재진행 (am/is/are -ing)과거진행 (was/were -ing)
현재완료 (have/has p.p.)과거완료 (had p.p.)
과거 (did)과거완료 (had p.p.)
willwould
cancould
maymight
must (의무)had to




⚠️ Backshift 예외: 변하지 않는 경우



  • • 불변의 사실(과학적 사실): He said, "The earth goes around the sun." → He said (that) the earth goes around the sun.

  • • 과거완료는 더 이상 backshift 불가: He said, "I had already left." → He said (that) he had already left. (변화 없음)

  • • would/could/might/should는 이미 과거형이라 변화 없음





예문 5개


"I am busy now." → She said she was busy then.

"I can drive." → He said he could drive.

"We have eaten dinner." → They said they had eaten dinner.

"I visited Paris." → She said she had visited Paris.

"I will call you tomorrow." → He said he would call me the next day.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. "I may be late." → He said he _______ be late.

  2. "She is sleeping." → He said she _______ sleeping.

  3. "We must leave." → They said they _______ leave.


정답 보기

  1. might

  2. was

  3. had to





3. Yes/No 의문문 → 간접화법


Yes/No로 대답하는 의문문은 ask + if/whether + 주어 + 동사 형태로 전환합니다. 의문문 어순(VSO)이 아닌 평서문 어순(SVO)으로 바뀝니다.










직접화법간접화법
He asked, "Are you tired?"He asked if I was tired.
She asked, "Do you like coffee?"She asked if I liked coffee.
He asked, "Will you come?"He asked whether I would come (or not).




예문 5개


She asked, "Is he coming?" → She asked if he was coming.

He asked, "Did you finish the report?" → He asked if I had finished the report.

Mom asked, "Have you eaten lunch?" → Mom asked whether I had eaten lunch.

She asked, "Can you help me?" → She asked if I could help her.

The teacher asked, "Are you paying attention?" → The teacher asked whether we were paying attention.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. He asked, "Do you speak Korean?" → He asked if I _______ Korean.

  2. She asked, "Are you hungry?" → She asked whether I _______.

  3. They asked, "Will it rain tomorrow?" → They asked if it _______ rain the next day.


정답 보기

  1. spoke

  2. was hungry

  3. would





4. Wh- 의문문 → 간접화법


Wh- 의문문은 ask + 의문사 + 주어 + 동사 형태로 전환합니다. 의문사가 접속사 역할을 하며, 어순은 반드시 평서문 어순으로 바꿉니다.










직접화법간접화법
He asked, "Where do you live?"He asked where I lived.
She asked, "What is your name?"She asked what my name was.
He asked, "Why are you crying?"He asked why I was crying.




예문 5개


She asked, "What time is it?" → She asked what time it was.

He asked, "How did you solve it?" → He asked how I had solved it.

They asked, "Who called you?" → They asked who had called me.

She asked, "Which book do you prefer?" → She asked which book I preferred.

He asked, "When will you come back?" → He asked when I would come back.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I _______.

  2. He asked, "What do you want?" → He asked what I _______.

  3. They asked, "How long have you waited?" → They asked how long I _______.


정답 보기

  1. was going

  2. wanted

  3. had waited





5. 명령문 → 간접화법


명령문은 tell/ask/order/warn + 목적어 + to부정사 형태로 전환합니다. 부정 명령문은 not to + 동사원형을 사용합니다.











상황직접화법간접화법
명령"Open the door."He told me to open the door.
요청"Please help me."She asked me to help her.
부정 명령"Don't touch it."He told me not to touch it.
경고"Don't be late."She warned me not to be late.




예문 5개


"Sit down." → The teacher told the students to sit down.

"Please close the window." → She asked me to close the window.

"Don't make noise." → He told us not to make noise.

"Don't give up." → She encouraged him not to give up.

"Study harder." → My father told me to study harder.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. "Clean your room." → Mom told me _______.

  2. "Don't run in the hallway." → The teacher warned us _______.

  3. "Please wait here." → She asked me _______.


정답 보기

  1. to clean my room.

  2. not to run in the hallway.

  3. to wait there.





6. 시간·장소 표현 변화


간접화법에서는 직접화법의 시간·장소 표현도 전달자의 시점에 맞게 변화합니다.

















직접화법간접화법
nowthen
todaythat day
yesterdaythe day before / the previous day
tomorrowthe next day / the following day
last weekthe week before / the previous week
next weekthe following week
herethere
thisthat
thesethose
agobefore




예문 5개


"I will come tomorrow." → She said she would come the next day.

"I did it yesterday." → He said he had done it the day before.

"I live here." → She said she lived there.

"I met her two days ago." → He said he had met her two days before.

"I am busy now." → She said she was busy then.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. "I will see you tomorrow." → He said he would see me _______.

  2. "I bought this yesterday." → She said she had bought that _______.

  3. "Come here." → He told me to come _______.


정답 보기

  1. the next day

  2. the day before

  3. there







📝 총괄 문제 (15문항)





1. 간접화법으로 바꿀 때 맞는 것은?
"I am happy," she said.



  1. She said I am happy.

  2. She said that she was happy.

  3. She said that she is happy.

  4. She told that she was happy.




2. 시제 backshift가 맞는 것은?
"I can swim," he said.



  1. He said he can swim.

  2. He said he could swim.

  3. He said he would swim.

  4. He said he might swim.




3. Yes/No 의문문 전환이 맞는 것은?
"Are you ready?" he asked.



  1. He asked if I am ready.

  2. He asked if was I ready.

  3. He asked if I was ready.

  4. He asked that I was ready.




4. Wh- 의문문 전환이 맞는 것은?
"Where do you live?" she asked.



  1. She asked where do I live.

  2. She asked where I live.

  3. She asked where did I live.

  4. She asked where I lived.




5. 명령문 전환이 맞는 것은?
"Don't be late," she told me.



  1. She told me not to be late.

  2. She told me to not be late.

  3. She told me don't be late.

  4. She said me not to be late.




6. 시간 표현 변화가 맞는 것은?
"I will come tomorrow," he said.



  1. He said he would come tomorrow.

  2. He said he would come the next day.

  3. He said he will come the next day.

  4. He said he would come that day.




7. Backshift 예외가 적용되는 것은?



  1. "I am tired." → he was tired

  2. "Water boils at 100°C." → water boiled at 100°C

  3. "Water boils at 100°C." → water boils at 100°C

  4. "I will go." → he would go




8. 빈칸에 알맞은 것은?
She asked me _______ I liked her cooking.



  1. that

  2. what

  3. if

  4. which




9. 과거시제 backshift가 맞는 것은?
"I visited London," he said.



  1. He said he visited London.

  2. He said he had visited London.

  3. He said he has visited London.

  4. He said he would visit London.




10. "here"의 간접화법 변환은?



  1. here

  2. there

  3. this place

  4. that place




11. 올바른 간접화법은?
"What time is it?" he asked.



  1. He asked what time was it.

  2. He asked what time is it.

  3. He asked what time it was.

  4. He asked what time it is.




12. 요청문 전환이 맞는 것은?
"Please help me," she said.



  1. She asked me helping her.

  2. She asked me to help her.

  3. She told me to help her.

  4. She said me to help her.




13. "yesterday"의 간접화법 변환은?



  1. today

  2. the day after

  3. the day before

  4. that day




14. 맞는 간접화법은?
"I have been waiting," she said.



  1. She said she has been waiting.

  2. She said she had been waiting.

  3. She said she was waiting.

  4. She said she would be waiting.




15. 빈칸에 알맞은 것은?
He told me _______ be quiet.



  1. to

  2. that

  3. if

  4. whether






📋 총괄 문제 정답 보기

1. B

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. B

7. C

8. C

9. B

10. B

11. C

12. B

13. C

14. B

15. A