문법특강

체계적인 영문법 학습

5

가정법 심화 (Type 3 + 혼합 가정법)

그때 포기하지 않았더라면 지금 성공했을 텐데(If I hadn't given up, I would have succeeded now)! 과거 반사실적 가정과 혼합 가정법, I wish 표현까지 고급 가정법을 완벽 정복합니다.

2026년 2월 27일
약 46분 소요
New1English
고급문법
가정법


⭐ 핵심 요약



  • • Type 3 가정법: 과거에 일어나지 않은 일을 가정. If + had p.p. → would have p.p.

  • • 혼합 가정법: 과거 조건 + 현재 결과, 또는 현재 조건 + 과거 결과 조합

  • • I wish 가정법: 현재 불만(wish + 과거), 과거 후회(wish + 과거완료)

  • • as if 가정법: 비현실적 비교. 현재 반사실(as if + 과거), 과거 반사실(as if + 과거완료)

  • • Without/But for: ~가 없었다면. if 가정법 대체 표현

  • • 도치: if 생략 시 Had/Were/Should를 주어 앞으로




1. Type 3 가정법 (과거 반사실)


Type 3 가정법은 과거에 실제로 일어나지 않은 일을 가정하는 표현입니다. 이미 지나간 사실과 반대되는 상황을 나타내므로 "그때 ~했더라면 ~했을 텐데"라는 후회나 아쉬움을 표현합니다.









구성형태의미
if절 (조건)If + 주어 + had + p.p.~했더라면 (과거에 안 한 일)
결과절주어 + would/could/might + have + p.p.~했을 텐데 (일어나지 않은 결과)




💡 실제 사실과의 비교


가정: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
실제: I didn't study harder, so I didn't pass the exam.





예문 5개


If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train. (실제: 늦게 떠나서 기차를 놓쳤다)

If he had taken my advice, he would not have failed. (실제: 조언을 무시해서 실패했다)

If we had known about the traffic, we could have taken a different route.

If they had invested wisely, they might have become millionaires.

If I had not helped him, he would have given up completely.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. If I _______ (study) harder, I _______ (pass) the exam.

  2. She _______ (be) happier if she _______ (choose) a different career.

  3. If they _______ (arrive) on time, they _______ (meet) the CEO.


정답 보기

  1. had studied / would have passed

  2. would have been / had chosen

  3. had arrived / would have met





2. 혼합 가정법 (Mixed Conditionals)


혼합 가정법은 if절과 결과절의 시제가 서로 다른 가정법입니다. 과거의 조건이 현재의 결과를 낳거나, 현재의 상태가 과거의 결과에 영향을 미치는 상황을 표현합니다.









유형if절결과절의미
유형 A
(과거조건→현재결과)		If + 주어 + had p.p.주어 + would + 동사원형그때 ~했더라면, 지금 ~할 텐데
유형 B
(현재조건→과거결과)		If + 주어 + were/동사과거주어 + would + have p.p.~인 사람이라면, 그때 ~했을 텐데




예문 5개


[유형A] If I had taken that job offer, I would be living in New York now.

[유형A] If she had graduated from university, she would have a better salary now.

[유형B] If I were more patient, I wouldn't have lost my temper yesterday.

[유형B] If he were a responsible person, he would have kept his promise.

[유형A] If they had saved more money then, they wouldn't be struggling financially now.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. If she had practiced more, she _______ (be) a great musician now. [유형A]

  2. If I _______ (be) taller, I would have made the basketball team. [유형B]

  3. If he had studied medicine, he _______ (work) as a doctor now. [유형A]


정답 보기

  1. would be

  2. were

  3. would be working





3. I wish 가정법


"I wish"는 현실과 다른 바람이나 후회를 표현할 때 사용합니다. 뒤에 오는 시제로 현재 불만인지 과거 후회인지 구분합니다.










유형구조의미예문
현재 불만I wish + 주어 + 과거형지금 ~이면 좋을 텐데 (현재 아님)I wish I had more money.
과거 후회I wish + 주어 + 과거완료~했더라면 좋았을 텐데 (과거에 못함)I wish I had studied harder.
미래 의지I wish + 주어 + would~해 주면 좋겠는데 (타인의 행동)I wish he would stop talking.




💡 I wish vs If only


"If only"는 I wish보다 감정이 더 강한 표현입니다. 구조는 동일합니다.

I wish I could fly. = If only I could fly. (날 수 있으면 좋겠다)





예문 5개


I wish I were taller. (나는 키가 크지 않다 - 현재 불만)

She wishes she had chosen a different major. (다른 전공을 선택하지 않았다 - 과거 후회)

I wish I could speak French fluently. (현재 유창하게 못 한다 - 현재 불만)

He wishes he hadn't said those words. (그 말을 했다 - 과거 후회)

I wish the neighbors would stop making noise. (타인의 행동에 대한 바람)




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. I don't have a car. → I wish I _______ a car.

  2. She didn't apologize. → She wishes she _______ apologized.

  3. He keeps interrupting me. → I wish he _______ stop interrupting me.


정답 보기

  1. had

  2. had

  3. would





4. as if / as though 가정법


"as if / as though"는 실제와 다른 방식으로 행동하거나 보이는 것을 표현할 때 사용합니다. 마치 ~인 것처럼 행동하지만 실제로는 그렇지 않다는 비현실적 비교입니다.









유형구조예문
현재 반사실as if + 주어 + 과거형He talks as if he were an expert. (실제로 전문가 아님)
과거 반사실as if + 주어 + 과거완료She acted as if she had never met me. (실제로 만난 적 있음)




예문 5개


He behaves as if he owned the company. (실제로 소유주 아님)

She speaks as if she had lived in England all her life. (실제로 영국에 살지 않았음)

They treated me as if I were a child. (실제로 어른)

He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (실제로 귀신을 봤는지 불명)

She talked as if nothing had happened. (실제로 무언가 일이 있었음)




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. He runs so fast. It seems as if he _______ (be) a professional athlete.

  2. She looks exhausted, as if she _______ (work) all night.

  3. They acted as if they _______ (never / hear) of the problem.


정답 보기

  1. were

  2. had worked

  3. had never heard





5. Without/But for 가정법 & if 생략 도치


Without / But for + 명사구는 "~가 없다면 / 없었다면"을 뜻하며 if 가정법을 대체할 수 있습니다. if 생략 시에는 조동사(Had/Were/Should)를 주어 앞으로 도치합니다.













표현의미예문
Without + N~없이는 (현재 가정)Without water, nothing could survive.
Without + N~없었더라면 (과거 가정)Without your help, I would have failed.
But for + N~가 없었더라면But for the rain, we would have gone.
Had I known...If I had known... (도치)Had I known, I would have called.
Were I you...If I were you... (도치)Were I you, I would apologize.
Should you need...If you should need... (도치)Should you need help, call me.




예문 5개


Without your support, I wouldn't be here today.

But for the doctor's quick action, he might have died.

Had I read the instructions, I wouldn't have made that mistake.

Were she more experienced, she would handle this better.

Should the project fail, we will try again with a new approach.




✏️ 연습 문제



  1. If I had known the answer, I would have told you. → _______ the answer, I would have told you.

  2. Without his encouragement, I would have given up. → _______ his encouragement, I would have given up.

  3. If I were the president, I would change the law. → _______ the president, I would change the law.


정답 보기

  1. Had I known

  2. But for / Without

  3. Were I






📝 총괄 문제 (15문항)



1. Type 3 가정법 완성: If I _______ harder, I would have passed.
빈칸에 알맞은 것은?

  1. study
  2. studied
  3. had studied
  4. have studied

2. 혼합 가정법 (과거조건→현재결과): If I had taken that job, I _______ rich now.

  1. would be
  2. would have been
  3. am
  4. will be

3. I wish + 현재 불만: I don't have a car. → I wish I _______ a car.

  1. have
  2. had
  3. had had
  4. would have

4. I wish + 과거 후회: I didn't call her. → I wish I _______ her.

  1. called
  2. call
  3. had called
  4. would call

5. as if 현재 반사실: He talks as if he _______ everything.

  1. knows
  2. know
  3. knew
  4. had known

6. as if 과거 반사실: She looked as if she _______ a ghost.

  1. sees
  2. saw
  3. had seen
  4. has seen

7. if 생략 도치: If I had known → _______

  1. I had known
  2. Had I known
  3. Known I had
  4. If known I had

8. Without 가정법: Without your help, I would have failed. = _______ your help, I would have failed.

  1. If not
  2. But for
  3. Unless
  4. Except for

9. 맞는 Type 3 결과절은?

  1. I would pass
  2. I would have pass
  3. I would have passed
  4. I had passed

10. 혼합 가정법 (현재조건→과거결과): If he were honest, he _______ that lie.

  1. wouldn't tell
  2. wouldn't have told
  3. didn't tell
  4. hadn't told

11. I wish + would: He keeps interrupting. → I wish he _______ stop.

  1. will
  2. would
  3. should
  4. could have

12. if 생략 도치 (Type 2): If I were you → _______

  1. I were you
  2. Were you I
  3. Were I you
  4. Should I be you

13. 올바른 Type 3 가정법은?

  1. If I studied harder, I would pass.
  2. If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
  3. If I had studied harder, I would pass.
  4. If I studied harder, I would have passed.

14. as though와 같은 의미는?

  1. as if
  2. even if
  3. so that
  4. in order that

15. Should 도치: If you should have questions → _______

  1. You should have questions
  2. Have you questions
  3. Should you have questions
  4. Questions should you have



📋 총괄 문제 정답 보기

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. C

5. C

6. C

7. B

8. B

9. C

10. B

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. C